Indus valley civilization origin and phases

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The Indus Valley civilization was an ancient
civilization thriving along the Indus river and the
Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and
north-western India.

• An alternative term for the culture is Saraswati-
Sindhu civilization based on the fact that most of
the Indus Valley sites have been found along the
Ghaggar-Hakra river.
• R.B. Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa beside river Ravi in 1921. R.D. Banerjee discovered
Mohenjodaro .Mohenjo-Daro means ‘Mound of the Dead’.The Mohenjo-Daro located  beside Indus river
in 1922.
Sir John Marshal played a crucial role in excavation of Harrapan civilization.
• Harappan civilization forms part of the proto
history of India i.e. the script is there, but it cannot
be deciphered and belongs to the Bronze Age.The Harappan culture also belongs to Proto Culture.

• The Indus valley civilization gradually developed
to a full-fledged civilization which has been
established through a continuous sequence of strata named as Pre-Harappan, Early Harappan, Mature Harappan and Late Harappan stages or phases.

• The long term indigenous evolution of this
civilization which obviously began on the periphery
of the Indus Valley in the hills of eastern Baluchistan
and then extended so far into the plains, can be
documented by an analysis of four sites which have
been excavated in recent years: Mehargarh, Amri,
Kalibangan and Lothal that reflect the sequence
of the four important phases or stages in pre and
proto history in the north-west region of the Indian
sub-continent.
• The sequence begins with the transition of
nomadic herdsmen to settled agriculturists in
eastern Baluchistan (First Phase)-Mehargarh , continues with the growth of large villages and the rise of towns In the Indus Valley (Second Phase), leads to the emergence of the great cities
(Third Phase), and finally, ends with their decline (Fourth Phase).
• Mediterranean, Proto-Australoid, Mongoloids and
Alpines formed the bulk of the population, though
the first two were more numerous.

• According to radio-carbon dating, it spread from
the year 2500-1750 B.C.

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